Chapter 9 & 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chapter 9 & 10 - Assignment Example Question # 2: P&G has now realized the importance of the social media and already shifted its advertisement budget towards social media. The company needs to increase its budget for social media such as face book, twitter as this media has great influence in the mind of people. P&G should also involve in social causes to attach customers emotionally towards it and to build strong brand images. For that purpose, It can offer scholarships to needy and meritorious people, and help needy people. Question # 3: The world is facing economical crises and the buying power of the consumer is reducing which can be worst in future. This is a significant situation which might affect P&G badly. Moreover, the R&D and marketing cost of P&G is increasing with the passage of time which can be problematic for the company as the world is now searching new techniques to reduce cost. In addition to that, increasing competition in FMCG industry is also the major risk which P&G can face in the future. Case 2: McDonald’s Question # 2: The core brand value of McDonald is its high quality food for customers with speed and convenience. Initially, McDonald was offering quality Hamburger but it expanded its menu with other dishes like Happy Meal, Big Mac, Egg, McMuffin etc. The company started expanding its business domestically as well as internationally due to its premium quality of food. However during 1990s company lost its direction i.e. high premium food. It focused to further expand its network of restaurants. It was not focusing to train employees properly and thus customer faced poor services and started losing the interest from the company. The company realized this situation and refocused its 5Ps and adopted the policy to offer different dishes for different region according to their culture and environment. Through this plan McDonald refocused on food and service quality. It also started offering healthy food due to the increasing concern of customers regarding obesity. I t also included ice-cream and coffee in its menu. Question # 2: McDonald should not change its strategy because the strategy worked well for it. It has refocused on its core values which it lost and had negative response from consumers. Therefore it will be a great risk for McDonald to change its strategies. McDonald has expanded its menu and added great varieties in it. Though its core product was Hamburger but it included new food to attract new segments of the market. Moreover, they have included healthier food in the menu and offer to health conscious people at a premium price. The strategy to offer different food for different markets according to their culture and environment has also worked in favor of McDonald. In addition to that, $1 menu was also the marvelous strategy of McDonald which targeted lower income people and teenagers. Question # 3: McDonalds might face several risks in the future. It is a multinational company which can face treasury risk due to the variation i n US Dollars against major currencies. Global instability in the economical crises might also affect McDonald’s business. Another greater risk that it might face is the entrance of new players in the market. The living standard of the people is increasing and they are going to more delicious and quality food. Therefore, the

Manifestation Music Essay Example for Free

Manifestation Music Essay Robert Allen Zimmerman, or Bob Dylan, was born to become a star. As a child he had dreamed of becoming a musical icon which he tried to achieve during his younger years. As part of his ambition to become a famous musician and icon, at age ten, Bob Dylan started to write poems and even taught himself to play the guitar and piano (Millar n. p). His musical style was primarily influenced by Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Jerry Lee Lewis which became apparent in the progression of his career. The drive and passion of Bob Dylan in pursuing his musical career escalated when he went to the University of Minnesota where he began to consider the folk and rock songs of artists such as Hank Williams, Woody Guthrie and Robert Johnson (Millar n. p). During his college years, he had a hard time attending schools because of his preoccupation in music. He finally dropped out of college to pursue his dreams. When Bob finally had his break in 1961, he first played folk songs instead of his own desired genre. His first album was not how he expected it to be because he really wanted to do his own songs. However, Bob Dylan turned his situation around in the next albums that he made. His succeeding songs were basically inspired by the profound â€Å"political activism† of the young people during the 1960s (Lemieux 1). The people were very empowered to make a stand and respond to the pressing problems of the society like gender, class, and race. This escalating emotion ultimately paved the way for mass protests and movements for social change. These situations during the 60s also influenced the music of Bob Dylan which is distinctively political in nature. Although Bob would assert that he is more of a social commentator, the people listening to his music are actually receiving a different vibe or perspective (Lemieux 1). Bob Dylans Music One of Bob Dylans most famous songs, â€Å"Blowin in the Wind,† became an anthem in Americas 1960 counterculture. He wrote it during the Vietnam War era as a response to the eventualities and casualties of that period in American history (Mason n. p). The song greatly depicts Bob Dylans observation of the political and social status of the society and how the people tends to shrug-off the escalating problem in the Vietnam crisis which eventually worsened. This is perceived in the second stanza of the song stating: Yes, n how many ears must one man have Before he can hear people cry? Yes, n how many deaths will it take till he knows That too many people have died? The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind, The answer is blowin in the wind. (Dylan n. p) Aside from the song â€Å"Blowin in the Wind,† Bob Dylan also created another politically inclined song entitled â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin† (Mason n. p). The song, which was actually written after John F. Kennedy was assassinated also became significant as it expresses the confidence and the hope perceived in the political and social movements during the 60s. As observed in the song, the singer is inviting the people from different walks of life to come together and pursue the future with a glimmer of hope and unity. Moreover, in the latter part of the song, Bob Dylan gave a great amount of effort in creating a beautiful lyrical stanza which encourages the people never to give up and continue looking for the silver lining in their current social instability. Bob Dylan is indeed a great singer during his time. His passion for music and empowering lyrics really enabled the people to make a difference and stand firm for what they believe is right. It is also because of the socio-political awareness imparted by Bob Dylans songs that he was seen by the society as a great protest singer and an inspirational person as well. Works Cited Dylan, Bob. â€Å"Blowin in the Wind. † 1962. 16 May 2008 http://bobdylan. com/songs/blowin. html. Lemieux, Nicole. Bob Dylan and the Sixties: A Social Commentary Reflecting Politics and Existentialism. Diss. Pace University, 2006. Mason, Catharine. â€Å"Bob Dylan: A Biography. † March 2005. Bob Dylans Performance Artistry. 16 May 2008 http://www. unicaen. fr/musa/bob_dylan/bio. htm. Millar, BJ. â€Å"The Life of Bob Dylan. † n. d. 16 May 2008 http://www. angelfire. com/on/dylan/bio. html.

The Principle Of Duality States Computer Science Essay

The Principle Of Duality States Computer Science Essay To simplify a SOP for a Boolean expression using a K map, first identify all the input combinations that produce an output of logic level 1 and place them in their appropriate K map cell. Consequently, all other cells must contain zero (0). Second, group the adjacent cells that contain 1 in a manner that maximizes the size of the groups but also minimizes the total number of groups. All 1s in the output must be included in a group even if the group is only one cell. Third, as each SOP term represents an AND expression, each (AND) grouping is written with only the input variables that are common to the group. Finally, the simplified expression is formed by ORing each of the (AND) groups. To illustrate let us consider the function X =ABC+ABC+ABC whose truth table and K map are illustrated below: Truth table specifications for a logic function may not to include all possible combinations of the input binary digits for the input variables, yet they may still be complete specifications of the logic function for the prescribed application. In these situations certain input combinations will not occur due to the nature of the application. When the input combinations are irrelevant or cannot occur, the output states are in the Truth table and the K map are filled with an X and are referred to as dont care states. When simplifying K maps with dont care states, the contents of the undefined cells (1 or 0) are chosen according to preference. The aim is to enlarge group sizes thereby eliminating as many input variables from the simplified expression as possible. Only those Xs that assist in simplifying the function should be included in the groupings. No additional Xs should be added that would result in additional terms in the expression. THE TABULATION METHOD The K-map method is convenient as long as the number of variables does not exceed five or six, but when the number increases it becomes difficult to use this method. The tabulation method overcomes this difficulty, besides it is suitable for computer mechanisation. It was first formulated by Quine and later improved by McCluskey. It is also known as the Quine-McCluskey method. The tabular method of simplification consits of two parts: Determination of Prime Implicants. Selection of Essential Prime Implicants. The first part is covered in the software provided, the second part is not. Each minterm and its combined cells are included in the Minterm record, and linked lists techniques are used. Linked lists are the best way to manage unknown amount of data at run time instead of using a large array which is a waste of memory. The record used is: Pminterm = ^Minterm; Minterm = Record Number : Word; {This is to hold the decimal equivalent of the minterm} NumberOfOnes : Byte; {This is to hold the no. of 1s in the field Number} Selected : Boolean; {used as a tick when this term is selected} CellStr : String; { a string to hold all minterms that form a cell with this term } DashPlaceStr : String {a string to hold the place of the dash } Next : Pminterm { a pointer to the next record to form a linked list} End; The software procedure summarise as follows: The user enters the minterms in decimal equivalent. The program sorts minterms in the number of ones included in the binary equivalent (SortMinTerms). Any two minterms that differ from each other by only one variable are combined (done in FirstTabulation procedure), two minterms fit into this category if the number in the lower group is greater than that in the upper one, and the two numbers differ by a power of 2 e.g. ( 2d = 0010b and 10d = 1010b the difference is 8d which is a power of 2). Then the two numbers are copied to the second linked list ( First, Second, Vertex : Pminterm;). This procedure is carried for all the minterms. Matching groups are copied to second linked list while first one deleted. Then a second tabulation is carried in the SecondTabulation procedure, here each cell contained in the CellStr field of the Minterm record are compared together, a matching is found if the numbers in one cell are greater than the other one and they differs by a power of 2 e.g. (0,2 and 8,10 differs by 8 which is a power of two) . This procedure is carried for all the records in the second linked list and matching cells are copied to the first linked list, and any incomparable cells are copied to the Vertex linked list. Then the second linked list is deleted. The step 4 is repeated m 1 time where m is the number of inputs, transferring cells between first and second linked lists. The last linked list and the vertex linked list prime implicants are printed in the ABC equivalent using the WMterm procedure. My program architecture can be used to simplify any number of inputs, but practical limitations are in the Number field in the Minterm record which is a word i.e. 16 bits (16 inputs). Bearing in mind as well the simplified expression is contained in a string which is only 255 characters. Some inputs and corresponding outputs to try on the program: Boolean Expression Simplified Boolean Expression F(A,B,C) = S(0,6,7) ABC + AB F(A,B,C) = S(0,4,6,7) BC + AB + AC F(A,B,C,D,E,F) = S(4,5,6,7,36,37,38,39) BCD F(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) = S(16,17 up to 31,144,145 up to 159) BCD VARIABLE ENTERED METHOD (VEM) The conventional logic minimization is time consuming easy only for 4-5 variables. It becomes difficult to solve using conventional K-map method when number of variables goes on increasing. In that case Variable Entered Method will be good idea to use. It represents values of functions in terms of its variables called map entered variables. A new method for obtaining a compact subsumptive general solution of a system of Boolean equations is presented. The method relies on the use of the variable-entered Karnaugh map (VEKM) to achieve successive elimination through successive map folding. It is superior in efficiency and simplicity to methods employing Marquand diagrams or Conventional Karnaugh maps; it requires the construction of significantly smaller maps and produces such maps in a minimization-ready form. Moreover, the method is applicable to general Boolean equations and is not restricted to the two-valued case. Combinational Sequential Circuits Combinational logic circuits implement Boolean functions. Boolean functions are mappings of input bitstrings to output bitstrings. These circuits are functions of input only. What does that mean? It means that if you feed in an input to a circuit, say, 000, then look at its output, and discover it is, say, 10, then the output will always be 10 for that circuit, if 000 is the input. 000 is mapped to 10. If that value were not the same every single time, then the output must not completely depend on 000. Something else must be affecting the output. Combinational logic circuits always depend on input. Another way to define something that is a function of input is to imagine that you are only allowed to use input variables xk-1,,x0, i.e. data inputs, cm-1,,c0, i.e., control inputs, to write the function. This function can not depend on global variables or other variables. Like combinational logic circuits, a sequential logic circuit has inputs (labelled with x with subscripts) and outputs (labelled with z with subscripts). Unike combinational logic circuits, a sequential logic circuit uses a clock. Also, there is a box inside the circuit called State. This box contains flip flops. Assume it has k flip flops. The flip flops basically store a k-bit number representing the current state. The output z is computed based on the inputs (x with subscripts) and the state coming out of the state box (q with subscripts). The state may be updated at each positive clock edge. When theres not a positive clock edge, the state remains unchanged. The information needed to update to the state (called the next state) comes from the current state (the current value of q) and the input, which is fed through combinational logic, and fed back into the state box, telling the state box how to update itself. A sequential circuit uses flip flops. Unlike combinational logic, sequential circuits have state, which means basically, sequential circuits have memory. The main difference between sequential circuits and combinational circuits is that sequential circuits compute their output based on input and state, and that the state is updated based on a clock. Combinational logic circuits implement Boolean functions, so they are functions only of their inputs, and are not based on clocks. The S-R Latch A bistable multivibrator has two stable states, as indicated by the prefix bi in its name. Typically, one state is referred to as set and the other as reset. The simplest bistable device, therefore, is known as a set-reset, or S-R, latch. To create an S-R latch, we can wire two NOR gates in such a way that the output of one feeds back to the input of another, and vice versa, like this: http://sub.allaboutcircuits.com/images/04173.png The Q and not-Q outputs are supposed to be in opposite states. I say supposed to because making both the S and R inputs equal to 1 results in both Q and not-Q being 0. For this reason, having both S and R equal to 1 is called an invalid or illegal state for the S-R multivibrator. Otherwise, making S=1 and R=0 sets the multivibrator so that Q=1 and not-Q=0. Conversely, making R=1 and S=0 resets the multivibrator in the opposite state. When S and R are both equal to 0, the multivibrators outputs latch in their prior states. The Clocked D-Latch Since the enable input on a gated S-R latch provides a way to latch the Q and not-Q outputs without regard to the status of S or R, we can eliminate one of those inputs to create a multivibrator latch circuit with no illegal input states. Such a circuit is called a D latch, and its internal logic looks like this: http://sub.allaboutcircuits.com/images/04181.png Note that the R input has been replaced with the complement (inversion) of the old S input, and the S input has been renamed to D. As with the gated S-R latch, the D latch will not respond to a signal input if the enable input is 0 it simply stays latched in its last state. When the enable input is 1, however, the Q output follows the D input. Since the R input of the S-R circuitry has been done away with, this latch has no invalid or illegal state. Q and not-Q are always opposite of one another. Master-Slave Flip-Flops A master-slave flip-flop is constructed from two seperate flip-flops. One circuit serves as a master and the other as a slave. The logic diagram of an SR flip-flop is shown in figure below. The master flip-flop is enabled on the positive edge of the clock pulse CP and the slave flip-flop is disabled by the inverter. The information at the external R and S inputs is transmitted to the master flip-flop. When the pulse returns to 0, the master flip-flop is disabled and the slave flip-flop is enabled. The slave flip-flop then goes to the same state as the master flip-flop. http://wearcam.org/ece385/lectureflipflops/flipflops/fig9.gif Logic diagram of a master-slave flip-flop The timing relationship is shown in Figure below and is assumed that the flip-flop is in the clear state prior to the occurrence of the clock pulse. The output state of the master-slave flip-flop occurs on the negative transition of the clock pulse. Some master-slave flip-flops change output state on the positive transition of the clock pulse by having an additional inverter between the CP terminal and the input of the master. http://wearcam.org/ece385/lectureflipflops/flipflops/fig10.gif Timing relationship in a master slave flip-flop Edge Triggered Devices Another type of flip-flop that synchronizes the state changes during a clock pulse transition is the edge-triggered flip-flop. When the clock pulse input exceeds a specific threshold level, the inputs are locked out and the flip-flop is not affected by further changes in the inputs until the clock pulse returns to 0 and another pulse occurs. Some edge-triggered flip-flops cause a transition on the positive edge of the clock pulse (positive-edge-triggered), and others on the negative edge of the pulse (negative-edge-triggered). The logic diagram of a D-type positive-edge-triggered flip-flop is shown in figure below: http://wearcam.org/ece385/lectureflipflops/flipflops/fig11.gif D-type positive-edge triggered flip-flop When using different types of flip-flops in the same circuit, one must ensure that all flip-flop outputs make their transitions at the same time, ie., during either the negative edge or the positive edge of the clock pulse.

A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X Essay

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X: Different Men With the Same Goal      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther King jr. and Malcolm X are still highly controversial African-American leaders.   Martin, a Christian integrationist, and Malcolm, a Muslim nationalist have been a powerful force against racial injustice.   Each man sacrificed his life for the freedom of his people; however, Martin and Malcolm had taken very different approaches in achieving equality and identity for African-Americans in the land of their birth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to better understand why King and X took the course of action each took, one must take into account a little bit of their background.   Martin Luther King jr., was born in Atlanta, Georgia into a middle-class family.   The church was his source of leadership development and it helped provide him with moral values.   Home and church were the most important influences in the early life of King.   In both contexts, he was introduced to the integrationist values of protest, accommodations, self-help and optimism as they were related to the religious themes of justice, love and hope.   He was introduced to the value of education as a potent way of helping him assert his self-worth to become a church and community leader and to fight racism in the larger society.   â€Å"King’s basis for his campaign of nonviolence originated in the highest type of love - love for people who hate you. King preached that the combination of agape (spi ritual love) with nonviolent action would elicit change†(Walton 78). It is quite easy for me to think of a God of love mainly because I grew up in a family where love was central and where lovely relationships were ever present.   It is quite easy for me to think of the universe as basically friend... ... cowardice. For many blacks nonviolence was the only option because violence would have cost them their jobs, their homes, and even their lives.   It was a creative way that an African-American could fight for freedom and at the same time avoid genocide, the logical consequence of racism.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         Works Cited    Goldman, Peter.   The Death and Life of Malcolm X.   2nd ed.   Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.    Hamilton, Charles V.   The Black Experience in American Politics. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1973.    Samuels, Gertrude.   â€Å"Two ways: Black Muslim and N.A.A.C.P†.New York Times Magazine, 12 May 1963, pg 87.    Walton, Hanes Jr,.   The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr.   New York: Greenwood Press, 1971.    X, Malcolm and Alex Haley.   The Autobiography or Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973

Locke’s Second Treatise of Government Essay

Introduction In this essay, I would like to discuss Locke’s Second Treatise of Government section 131. This essay is divided into four parts. In the first part, I would like to interpret what Locke’s position is developed in section 131 and in the next part, I would like to discuss how Locke supports this position by tracing back to the origin of government. Then in the third part, I would like to point out some flaws in this position by arguing evidences provided by Locke to support his position. The last part of my essay is the conclusion. Locke’s Position in Section 131 In section 131, Locke explained that the ultimate aim of uniting a society is to protect the security and property of the people and developed the position that the society should never extend its power farther than the common good of citizens because its supreme power is originated from the consent of people. In a word, according to Locke, the society is obligated to secure their property and is limited by the consent of people. In order to prove the limits of the government, Locke traces back to the origin of government: why man is willing to give up his freedom and subject himself to the dominion of a commonwealth instead of staying in the state of nature where he has right to everything. Three Inconveniences in the State of Nature According to Locke, for a rational man, the reason why man is willing to surrender their rights, though man has right to do anything without being affected by the will of others within the law of nature in the state of nature is the uncertainty of his preservation. The enjoyment is unsafe. Because man is partial to his own interest and is lacking awareness of the law of nature ‘That being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions’ (Chapter 2, Section 6) and there are probably continual invasions of others. As a result of this, there are three inconveniences under those circumstances. The first inconvenience is that there are no such established and well-known laws which can be used as the standard to judge what is right and what is wrong so that everyone is uncertain about their future and their property including their security, estate and possession etc. Or if there is a united society, The second one is that there is no popular and indifferent judge to rigidly distinguish between right and wrong by the established law. Everyone can be the judge himself in the state of nature, but they always tend to bias to themselves, their friends and families. The third one is that there is no power to ensure the punishment. In the state of nature, everyone has the right to punish whoever breaks the law of nature. According to Locke, it is executive power. But that may put them in a dangerous situation so that the punishment is hard to be carried out. The origin of the Government According to Locke, due to all these defects in the state of nature, people were thinking about uniting a commonwealth. Surrendering their rights to a sovereign which can use the supreme power to protect them is a remedy. The right of government comes from its subjects, and the government can never override them. Locke’s Solutions to Restrict the Power of the Government and My argument From my perspective, I think Locke’s position on the limits of government seems kind of idealistic. The biggest question is how citizens can ensure that after the government gains the supreme power, it does what it is expected to do as original intention. Political power has a character to expand itself. If there is no limit of power of the sovereign, even though he is a man who has a good virtue, it is still uncertain that he governs the society following the law without any extemporary decrees all the time. Hence, Locke provides three solutions to restrict the power of the government. There might be some fIaws in them. I would like discuss all of them below step by step. The first solution that Locke provides is that the government is limited by the law established by the consent of the majority. When the sovereign rules the state, he must obey the laws which made by the majority rather than govern it by his own will. â€Å"And so whoever has the legislative or supreme power of any commonwealth, is bound to govern by established standing laws, promulgated and known to the people, and not by extemporary decrees† (Chapter 9, Section 131) From my perspective, obviously there is no coercive power to guarantee that the government is run by the law except revolution (I will it discuss in the third point.) Moreover, it is also questionable whether there exists such kind of law which is able to represent the common good indeed. Even in our times when the legal system is more developed than the times when Locke lived, a large number of flaws can be found in our laws. Locke argues that laws can be updated. But no matter how up-to-date the law is, it still cannot cover everyone’s interest. The universal of controversy cannot be avoided as long as people are in the different situation. Locke himself admitted that when man enters into a society, he gives up his equality â€Å"when they enter into society, give up the equality†. (Chapter 9, Section 131) As there are different classes of citizens, they must have some different interests, which make them in different statuses of society. There is no contradiction unless there is no difference among people. Even that we are equal before the law, we cannot be protected by the laws equally. For instance, is a person is too poor to afford a lawyer, when his right is impaired, he cannot protect his right by law means and if a person has not studied laws, his property might be invaded without knowing it. If the inconvenience is caused by the ignorance, there is no distinct difference between the state of nature and the commonwealth. Furthermore, if there are conflicting interests between a person and the government, it will be in a dilemma. In this situation, if the person protects his own interest by law, interests of government will be impaired. And in the long run that may lead to the impairment of interests of more  people even include the first man who tried to protect his interests by law. Locke may argue that in his second method that he advocates the division of political power and that he divides supreme power into three: legislative, executive and foreign power. What the government has is just executive power. The parliament has right to making law. And the government is run by the law. How can it do beyond the law? Moreover, the legislative power which belongs to citizens is always higher than executive power. It is one of the greatest contributions of Locke that he advocates to make legislative and executive powers apart, but in comparison to three individual powers: legislative, executive powers and judicial review in political system today are employed, like the United State of America, It is not hard to find out the lack of judicial review in Locke’s theory. Locke only divided legislature and executive branches. It seems that the structure of the government created by Locke is less developed than that of today. Without judicial review, the balance of power is weaker. Even our modern society in which there judicial system exists, the administration tends to gain power from time to time. For example, under the circumstance that judicial review exists, it seems that the strength of the president becomes stronger and stronger in the US. Moreover, Locke thinks that legislature could be formed of not only representatives but also the noble or a single hereditary person who has an executive power. â€Å"Let us suppose then the legislative placed in the concurrence of three distinct persons. 1. A single hereditary person, having the constant, supreme, executive power, and with it the power of convoking and dissolving the other two within certain periods of time. 2. An assembly of hereditary nobility. 3. An assembly of representatives chosen, pro tempore, by the people.† (Chapter 16, Section 213) That weakens the strength of legislative further. Even though those two solutions cannot completely ensure the government is run in the right way, Locke provides the third solution that people can take back their rights that they gave to the government by revolution and transfer rights to another sovereign if the government breaks the law of  nature. However, another problem may rise. There is the limit of revolution that Locke provides. According to Locke, the revolution could be legimate only carried out by the majority. What if what the government did is just harmful to the interest of the minority? Can the government united with the majority benefit from the minority by abusing their rights? The only thing that they can do is bearing subject themselves under the exploit. I do not think that Locke himself would like to become one of the minority members in that situation. Sometimes the good of the majority is not necessary the good of the minority. That is also an action of beyond the common good. It can be imagined that the consequence of benefit from doing harm to a small group of people is no difference with a political system of tyranny. In conclusion, Locke supports his statement that the government can only do the common good and never override citizens by tracing back the origin of the government. Because of three inconveniences in the state of nature, people are willing to transfer their rights to a government. The right of government comes from the consent of people, so it can never extend farther. And Locke provides three means to limit the power of government. However, I suggest that there might be some difficulties to carry out these measures. There is no such coercive power to compel the government to play its role by laws. Furthermore, there is a doubt if such kind of laws representing the common good existing. And there is no judicial review to decide whether and when actions break the law. The action of revolutions does not working all the time. The rule of revolution Locke provided may be the legitimate basis of putting the minority in the tyranny of the majority. But in any case, Locke’s theory shows us the end of the society and the idea, the balance of power, and directs us to think about the way to improve the political system and make it more democratic.

Nuremberg Trial Essay

The Struggle for Justice: Nuremberg Trial. After Germany was defeated in World War II. Millions innocent people had lost their lives. The trials were held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, Germany. There were many Nazi leaders who were under suspicion and the from all of those the top Nazi leaders were called to go on trial and justify there reasons to committing war crimes and war against humanity for the execution of the Jews, and simply for killing many people innocent people. Hermann Goering, Albert Spear, Wilhelm Keitel and Hans Frank are just a few of the Nazi defendants in the trial. They defended themselves even though there was a lot of proof proving that they were guilty. In this essay we are going to see all the defenses used by these four Nazi defendants. Hermann Goering was the reichmarschell and air force chief, he was the president of Reichstag, and director of the â€Å"four year plan† In the Nuremberg Trial he believed strongly that he was not guilty and did not regret what he did, but this was not what everyone else seemed to think. When Goering was asked about the concentration camps in the trial and who decided upon them, he said † The idea was mine, It was a question of removing danger only one cause was available protective custody. How can the party rule unless it established order and how could it maintain order with it’s deadly enemies particularly the communist running free† I think that the concentration camps were used for torturing people that were innocent and I strongly believe that there were more options then just putting people in concentration camps, this was probably the easiest way to torture hundreds of people at once rather than doing anything else. Many people who were innocent and also many Jews who had not committed anything were taken in just for the reason that they might commit crime in the future, and simply for the hatred the had for the Jewish people, to me that is not a valid reason at all. During the trial there was also a movie shown that was created by motion pictures by allied military photographers and it showed the areas where the concentration camps were located and how people were treated, and the outcome of the camps, it clearly showed people suffering and being tortured only because they were â€Å"supposedly† a threat and might commit a crime. If someone is said to be suspicious it still does not mean that they are thrown to concentration camps, or they are tortured, proof must be shown and then a decision should be made towards that individual. Sadlyno one was heard and no one had the rights to explain themselves innocent. Many people were sent to concentration camps, it did not only happen to people who were suspicious but it mainly happened to millions of innocent people and Jewish people who were simply hated because they were Jews, and to me that is racism and disrespect, and it is disgusting to see that people can take such measures, and torture human beings like they have no rights and like they are just a pieces of toys. Most of all it is also sickening to see that many of these Nazi leaders especially Goering did not regret what they did. Keitel Wilhelm was the chief of staff of German high command, and Hans Frank was the governor-general of Nazi-occupied Poland, called the † Jew Butcher of Cracow† When Hans was asked how he felt about what he had done, and was asked to explain how he did those things, which was shoot and kill people who were innocent, and genocides in the camps. He said that † I don’t know, It’s as though I’m two people. The Hans Frank you see here and the Hans Frank the Nazi leaderI wonder how the other Frank could do these things,This frank looks at the other Frank and says your a terrible man, The other Frank said that I just wanted to keep my job† I respect that Frank realized that what he did was wrong and that he was still not brainwashed by the views that they were forced upon By Hitler and that were influenced by him. Many of the Nazi leaders still believe that what they did was right, and regret nothing and show ignorance through out the trial. I do believe that a person can feel bad for the actions or crimes they have committed, which Frank showed, but unfortunately it was too late. I think that that he is brave to admit his sorrow, and that he feels terrible. On the other hand it is sad to realize that this trial was what made him realize what he did was wrong and even though he did it to keep his job which is understandable because he probably had a family to provide for and to survive on his own. Showing sorrow cannot bring back and change anything, and what was done has happened. I wish that Hans Frank would have stopped his job which was being a Nazi leader, personally I would not want the money I have earned knowing it was because I had killed innocent lives. The next defendant was Kietel Wilhelm, when Kietel and many other war criminals were lined up, that was the moment whenKietel says that† Only following orders, nothing more, you must understand† I think that since many of these Nazi leaders were used to following orders, and that is what they had been doing for a very long time, for that reason I do not blame them for having this type of mind set. I think that what Keitel said was somewhat justifiable and the reason for that is that Hitler was the higher power and he ordered many of the Nazi leaders and if they did not accept his order and do as they were told, they were most likely killed. The fear of being killed is what kept these Nazi’s to do as they were told. With that being said, I believe that what Kietel said was something that any Nazi soldier would say or perhaps any soldier in general. Albert Spear was the Reichminister of armaments and munitions, From all of the the other Nazi leaders he was different. He felt guilty for what he had done just like Hans Frank but when he was in trial he told the truth, and showed that he was truly sorry for his actions. One of the things that he said was † This war has caused catastrophe† I do agree with what Spear said, and it is nice to know that he agrees with this, rather than all the other Nazi leaders who were still brainwashed and though that the war and the crimes done in them were completely fine. He also said that † No one is blameless for the responsibility of the crimes except the victims† After hearing what all the other ignorant Nazi leaders had to say, It was very pleasing to here this from Spear as it shows a sign of shame and that he feels ashamed of his actions. When Spear was asked if he came up with a plan to assassinate Hitler he said † Yes I did try to assassinate Hitler† When he said this it brought lots of hatred towards hims from the Nazi leaders as they gave him dirty looks and were shocked that one of their own man could think of taking such actions. I for one believe that even though Spear was a Nazi, later on he realized that Hitler was evil , he also said † Hitler was a nightmare for our own making† I think that Spear genuinely hated Hitler, and it was not only during the trial he realized but as he was a Nazi leader his hate for him was the reason he wanted to kill Hitler, but unfortunately that did not happen. In my opinion Spear was the only Nazi leader who knew what he was talking about and he seemed to understand that what was done, was absolutely not right, and the only one to realize that was Spear and you can also that regarding say Hans Frank. I think that the courts took what he did too seriously, which is good but at the same time, he told the truth and showed that he really did feel bad for the actions of not only him but of all the others. He was imprisoned for 20 years on charges three and four. I understand that he was also a part of the Nazi group, and he killed many innocent victims, his views from back then have definitely changed, and I believe he is a better person from before. But you must face the consequences for what you have done, and it would only be fair. In conclusion, some of the defenses were justifiable, but what Goering used to justify himself was completely ridiculous and was not justifiable what so ever. Many people had lost family and relatives, and all these people wanted justice and if it were up to me, I would have given some of these Nazi leaders the same torture they did to many of the innocent people, but it was not up to me. In the end justice was given and many of these Nazi’s were hanged to death or imprisoned.